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28. Jean Hébert, PhD: Aging, Brain Plasticity, and Replacing the Neocortex

In this conversation, Daniel Belkin and Mitch Belkin interview Jean Hébert, PhD about aging, brain plasticity, and progressive neocortical replacement. They discuss one hallmark of aging—extracellular matrix damage—as well as how tissue replacement is a possible solution to aging. In addition, they explore the practicalities of progressive neocortex replacement, dopaminergic neuron transplants in Parkinson’s patients, and Professor Hébert’s work on stroke.

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Who is Jean Hébert?

Jean Hebert, PhD, is a Professor of Neuroscience and Genetics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine where he focuses on age-related brain degeneration in the adult neocortex. He is one of the world’s leading researchers on brain cell and tissue replacement. He is the author of the book Replacing Aging.

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17. Robert Montgomery, MD: Immunology, Pig Organs, and the Future of Transplantation

In this episode, Mitch Belkin and Daniel Belkin speak with Robert Montgomery, MD, DPhil, about his background, family history of cardiomyopathy, as well as his work in immunology and transplantation. We discuss the 3 types of organ rejection, how to manage and prevent rejection, porcine endogenous viruses, as well as Dr. Montgomery’s work on xenotransplantation. This podcast was recorded on February 4th, 2022. 

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Who is Robert Montgomery?

Dr. Robert Montgomery is a Professor of Surgery and the chair of the Department of Surgery at NYU Langone as well as the director of the NYU Langone Transplant Institute. He received his MD from the University of Rochester School of Medicine and completed his surgical residency, multi-organ transplant fellowship, and post-doctoral fellowship in Human Genetics at Johns Hopkins. He also received a Doctorate of Philosophy in molecular immunology from the University of Oxford. He’s been the recipient of many awards including the Johns Hopkins Clinician Scientist Award, the Champion of Hope Award from the National Kidney Foundation of Maryland, and the Terasaki Medical Innovation Award from the National Kidney Registry.

Dr. Montgomery developed the first laparoscopic kidney procurement technique for transplants as well as the first “domino paired donation” — which is when two or more donors and recipients are paired in a kidney swap. He helped develop a protocol combining kidney and bone marrow transplants to prevent rejection of donor organs in immune-incompatible patients which has eliminated the need for immunosuppressive therapy in some patients. In September 2021, Dr. Montgomery performed the first xenotransplantation of a nonhuman kidney to a deceased human donor.

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15. Michael Levin, PhD: Limb Regeneration, Bioelectricity, and Why Neurons Aren’t Special

In this exciting episode, Mitch Belkin and Daniel Belkin speak with Professor Michael Levin about bioelectricity, the electrical potentials that cells use to communicate with one another. Professor Levin argues that bioelectricity is the software of cellular communication and is the medium through which we can control top-down modular programs for cancer prevention, limb regeneration, and birth defect repair. This interview covers how he co-created Xenobots; how somatic cells function like neurons; how his work incorporates insights from Karl Friston on collective intelligence and the free energy principle; and his dream of building an anatomic compiler, a theoretical biological-design program that would allow users to produce any anatomic configuration of any organism using bioelectricity. 

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Who is Michael Levin?

Professor Michael Levin is a biologist at Tufts University, where he investigates informational storage and processing in biological systems. He received a dual Bachelor’s in computer science and biology at Tufts. He then received his PhD in Genetics from Harvard where he characterized the molecular-genetic mechanisms of embryologic left-right asymmetry. Nature lists this discovery on its 100 milestones of developmental biology of the century. Currently, he is the director of the Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology and the Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University. He is the co-editor in chief of the journal Bioelectricity, the founding associate editor of Collective Intelligence, and he sits on the editorial advisory board of Laterality. He has published more than 350 papers. His lab is currently interested in understanding how somatic cells form bioelectrical networks to store memories, developing the next-generation of AI tools to understand top-down control of pattern regulation, and using these insights to enable new possibilities in regenerative medicine and engineering.

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